ESTES PELA SEMELHANÇA DO
ARMAMENTO LANÇARAM O MEDO
ENTRE OS NOSSOS
CERCO DE GERGÓVIA
ROMANI ATACAM GAULESES REVIDAM
ROMANOS CEDEM CÉSAR ENVIA
OS ALIADOS EDUANOS NUMA MANOBRA
DE DIVERSÃO E OS ROMANOS
TOMAM-NOS POR REFORÇOS INIMIGOS
A ORDEM DOS OTÁRIOS NO LABIRINTO DA INSANIDADE
UM BLOGUE PARA OTARIADOS VÁRIOS COM REGISTO NA ORDEM QUE TENHAM UMA QUEDA PARA LABIRINTOS BURRUCRÁTICOS INSALUBRES MAS COM MUITO SOL
Rabu, 13 April 2016
SIMILITUDINE ARMORUM VEHEMENTER NOSTROS PERTERRUERUNT EM QUE CONSISTE O COMENTÁRIO POLÍTICO DITO INTELIGENTE? CADA POVO TEM AS SUAS IDEIAS SOBRE O COMENTÁRIO INTELIGENTE E MUITO MUITO ESTÚPIDO E AS ÉLITES DESSES POVOS IDEM E ESSAS VISÕES DIFEREM O COMENTÁRIO POLÍTICO INTELIGENTE É MAIS DO QUE UM VALOR SOCIAL É UM VALOR SEXUAL POIS CONFERE AO INDIVÍDUO FININHO E CARECA UMA CAPACIDADE INVEJÁVEL E DESEJÁVEL CUJA POSSE LHE FACILITA O COITUS ININTERRUPTUS E OUTROS COMPORTAMENTOS DITOS INTELIGENTES E QUE TÊM APROVAÇÃO SOCIAL E ATÉ DE OUTRO TIPO SUPONHO......JOGOS DE CIRCO ROMANOS EM DUBLIN SÃO APENAS UMA RECAPITULAÇÃO DO VALOR SOCIAL DE PODER SER ESTÚPIDO E CONSEGUIR REPRODUZIR-SE COM SUCESSO ATÉ NO SUSSEX OU EM ESSEX PARA O MURRO NA CACHOLEIRA TANTO FAZ DAÍ AS TELEVISÕES SE ENCHEREM COM MASSACRES INCÊNDIOS E EPIDEMIAS E OBVIAMENTE VULCÕES E TERRAMOTOS E TSUNAMIS SÃO FENÓMENOS DE MULTIDÃO COUSA AMORFA SEM PENSAMENTO POLÍTICO SEGURO...
Isnin, 23 November 2015
A DIREITA EM PORTUCALE É SÓ RALÉ INCULTA E A ESQUERDA É TUDO THALASSAS COMO O NÓDOA E GENTE FINA QUE ERA ANTI-SALAZARISTA PORREIRO PÁ NUM PAÍS DE MEGALÓMANOS SÓ UM DOENTE MENTAL NÃO PENSA EM GRANDE E À FRANCESA SOMOS TODOS CHARLIE MAS NÃO SABEMOS FALAR FRANCÊS MAS NEM POR ISSO DEIXAMOS DE SER PROFESSORES DUMA LÍNGUA EM QUE NEM CONSEGUIMOS ARROTAR VIVE LA FRANCE L'ÉTAT ISLAMIQUE JAMÉ
erros básicos da educação xexual in pretucale o estado islâmico tem um melhor sistema de ensino e nunca tem greves prolongadas NEM EREÇÕES COM FALHAS DE VIAGRA
é du car'alho
the best of portugoose technology at work ,,,PS does not work PSD neither PPM don't be a king be a damsel in distress please
Sabtu, 28 Mac 2015
TODAS AS SOCIEDADES DITAS HUMANAS SEM MEIOS PARA ORGANIZAREM A MATANÇA DOS INUMANOS QUE OS CERCAM E OS ESPIAM OU ACABARAM EM RESERVAS OU ESTÃO EXTINTAS UMA BOA SOCIEDADE EXPLORA ATÉ À SACIEDADE A MELHOR FORMA DE EXTERMINAR OS GRUPOS SOCIAIS QUE AS PARASITAM ISTO É OS PIOLHOS SUB-HUMANOS OU NORMALMENTE CONHECIDOS COMO POBRES OU LUMPENPROLETARIAT DIZIMAR OU EXTERMINAR OS CORPOS ESTRANHOS DUMA SOCIEDADE DE DEMOKRATOS GREGOS ESTRATIFICADA EM CASTAS HEREDITÁRIAS É A NORMA DO NORMAL MAIS BANAL
é a natureza cultural da guerra
EM SIMPLEX ENTRE POVOS COM CULTURAS PARANÓIDES COMO OS DOBU
DA NOVA GUINÉ OU OS EUROPEUS E SUAS COLÓNIAS GREGAS OU GERMANAS AS
SOCIEDADES ORGANIZAM-SE E ASSEGURAM MEIOS DE MATANÇA MÚTUA E DE REDES DE
INFORMAÇÃO PARA MAXIMIZAREM ESSA MATANÇA POIS O INIMIGO DE HOJE PODE
SER O ALIADO DE AMANHÃ E VICE-VERSA ...A CULTURA OCIDENTAL EM GERAL TEM
UMA FAMILIARIDADE COM A GUERRA COMO NENHUMA OUTRA E NECESSITA DA GUERRA
PARA A SUA DEPAUPERADA ECONOMIA DESDE HÁ MAIS DE 3000 ANOS, ANOS GREGOS
OU ACADIANOS TANTO FAZ ...PARA POVOS COMO ESTES É INCOMPREENSÍVEL UM
ESTADO DE PAZ ...HÁ PERÍODOS DE FALSA PAZ ...DE GUERRA FRIA OU DE GUERRA
MORNA AO ESTILO CABO-VERDIANUS ADMITIR QUE AS TRIBOS INIMIGAS QUE SE
CONSIDERAM AS TRIBOS ELEITAS POR DEUS SÃO HUMANAS E QUE OS CRENTES NO
DÓLAR SÃO INUMANOS É UM CONCEITO MUITO TOLO ...O VERDADEIRO CRENTE DEVE
ESPIAR O PROFANO E CUIDAR A LOJA ONDE SE ALOJA DA CURIOSIDADE DESSES
PERIGOSOS INFIÉIS ...
POIS POR DEFINIÇÃO OS UBERMENSCH SÃO AMERICANOS E IN GOD THEY TRUST THE TRUSTS ...
POIS POR DEFINIÇÃO OS UBERMENSCH SÃO AMERICANOS E IN GOD THEY TRUST THE TRUSTS ...
Rabu, 28 Mei 2014
OS OTÁRIOS VOTARAM OU NÃO....E OS QUE VOTARAM PREFERIRAM DEIXAR O VOTO EM BRANCO OU DESENHAR ALGO VERDADEIRAMENTE A LA CUTILEIRO NO BOLETIM DE VOTO OUTROS PREFERIRAM AOS REPUBLICANOS E LAICOS A VELHA ARISTOCRACIA DE TIERRATENIENTES OU TERRATENIENTES OU ATERRA TENENTE QUE ÉS DA RAIZ THALASSA ISENTA DE NAZIS EM GAY PARIS - RESUMINDO PREFERIRAM O SANGUE AZUL OU O SEU SUCEDÂNEO MAIS DA PIOLHEIRA DO PINTO-TE DE AZUR MARIN
THE BIG LAND LORDS GOING UP...
OS SERVOS DA GLEBA BATEM AS PALMAS AO REVIRALHO
POIS AO MENOS AQUELES NÃO EMIGRAM PARA PARIS
POIS A PROPRIEDADE FUNDIÁRIA PRENDE-OS AO MARALHAL
LOGO TÊM EM PRINCÍPIO DE AGUENTAR A RALÉ
E NÃO SE FAZER AO MAR COMO OS PIRATAS COM CARTA DE CORSO
OS TELLES D'ALBERGARIA E OS VASCOS DA GAMMA DO TAU TAU GREGO
114 ANOS DEPOIS DA DERROTA NA DUPLA ROTUNDA DO MARQUÊS
DITO DO POMBAL E CONDE DOS BARROS VULCÂNICOS DE OEIRAS
OS NOSSOS BARÕES VOLTAM A ALICERÇAR-SE NO PODER
OU PELO MENOS VÃO BEM PENDURADOS
VIVA O PAÍS DAS TOURADAS DOS TOUROS
E DOS BRAVOS BOIS E BOYS
QUE NOS DERAM A VITÓRIA SOBRE OS ESPANHÓIS
E NOS DERAM LIVRE A NAÇÃO
E SÓ TIVEMOS DE LHES SERVIR DE ESCUDO HUMANO
BOM CHAMAR À RALÉ HUMANOS É EXAGERO
LONGA VIDA A NOSSOS MELHORES E A SEUS AIOS E DEMAIS CRIADAGEM
OS SERVOS DA GLEBA BATEM AS PALMAS AO REVIRALHO
POIS AO MENOS AQUELES NÃO EMIGRAM PARA PARIS
POIS A PROPRIEDADE FUNDIÁRIA PRENDE-OS AO MARALHAL
LOGO TÊM EM PRINCÍPIO DE AGUENTAR A RALÉ
E NÃO SE FAZER AO MAR COMO OS PIRATAS COM CARTA DE CORSO
OS TELLES D'ALBERGARIA E OS VASCOS DA GAMMA DO TAU TAU GREGO
114 ANOS DEPOIS DA DERROTA NA DUPLA ROTUNDA DO MARQUÊS
DITO DO POMBAL E CONDE DOS BARROS VULCÂNICOS DE OEIRAS
OS NOSSOS BARÕES VOLTAM A ALICERÇAR-SE NO PODER
OU PELO MENOS VÃO BEM PENDURADOS
VIVA O PAÍS DAS TOURADAS DOS TOUROS
E DOS BRAVOS BOIS E BOYS
QUE NOS DERAM A VITÓRIA SOBRE OS ESPANHÓIS
E NOS DERAM LIVRE A NAÇÃO
E SÓ TIVEMOS DE LHES SERVIR DE ESCUDO HUMANO
BOM CHAMAR À RALÉ HUMANOS É EXAGERO
LONGA VIDA A NOSSOS MELHORES E A SEUS AIOS E DEMAIS CRIADAGEM
Rabu, 19 Mac 2014
TAMOS FINOS WE ARE FINE JÁ ELES ACHO QUE ESTÃO LIXADOS.....É O QUE DÁ ANDAR A BRINCAR COM DATA SEM TEORIA DE JEITO ....QUAIS SÃO OS DADOS PRA 2035 SE JÁ TIVESSEM OS DE 2014 ERA BOM E A CRIMEIA PÁ AQUILO É CRIME OU FOI ACIDENTE DE TRÂNSITO ....PAI DE QUANTOS? BOLAS E QUANTOS VÃO PRÁ GUERRA? A GUERRA É ECONÓMICA MAS NÃO FAZ POUPANÇA NAS VIDAS Ó SANCHO PANÇA OU O SANCHO PENSA QUE É DOM QUIJOTE? OU QUI SHOT PARA O CASO TANTO FAZ
Climate Changes
During the late VERY LATE MATE ....Pleistocene, the retreat of the Wisconsin ice sheet caused
global climate changes and changes in local AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTS .
During the late VERY LATE MATE ....Pleistocene, the retreat of the Wisconsin ice sheet caused
global climate changes and changes in local AND GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTS .
Temperatures became less homogenous, as winters became colder and summers became
hotter.AND THE PORTUGUESE PETROL THE GREEN PETROL BURN'S EASILY
hotter.AND THE PORTUGUESE PETROL THE GREEN PETROL BURN'S EASILY
Essentially, seasonality increased.
In addition, rainfall became more variable depending on the season, IN MARCH 2014 TEMPERATURES
In addition, rainfall became more variable depending on the season, IN MARCH 2014 TEMPERATURES
ARE HIGHER THAN AVERAGE with distinctions between wet and dry seasons THEY ARE DRY ...BUT WHO KNOW'S
.During the deglaciation,many streams in the glacial floodplains experienced net degradation
and incision of their channels, and the water tables lowered, causing low order
streams to become sporadic and transient and springs to dry up or significantly reducedischarge
As a result of this climatic shift, several changes occurred.
and incision of their channels, and the water tables lowered, causing low order
streams to become sporadic and transient and springs to dry up or significantly reducedischarge
As a result of this climatic shift, several changes occurred.
Some primary habitats were eliminated, while others
that may have been only marginal during THE GREAT PIB INCREASE OR GDP INCREASE ARE FINE
that may have been only marginal during THE GREAT PIB INCREASE OR GDP INCREASE ARE FINE
LOGO A BRUXA DE ALFORNELOS DIZE QU'ESTAMOS FINOS NA ESTAMO, JÁ NA CARRIS....
Wednesday, March 19, 2014 .....Which is better, data or theory?
One of the most annoying arguments that I see popping up again and again is the question of "Which is better, theory or data?" (A related bore-fest is "Which is better, induction or deduction?") Actually, you can't have one without the other. In a recent blog post, Paul Krugman points out that you can't have data without theory:
But you can’t be an effective fox just by letting the data speak for itself — because it never does. You use data to inform your analysis, you let it tell you that your pet hypothesis is wrong, but data are never a substitute for hard thinking. If you think the data are speaking for themselves, what you’re really doing is implicit theorizing, which is a really bad idea (because you can’t test your assumptions if you don’t even know what you’re assuming.)
True. Suppose you find a correlation between having an unfulfilling sex life and liking Charlie Kaufman movies. Does that mean that people watch Charlie Kaufman movies to ease the pain of their lame sex lives? Or did the fact that they watch Charlie Kaufman movies actually ruin their sex lives? Or are both the result of some third factor, such as being an insufferable hipster? If you don't pick one, you'll never be able to understand what's really going on. Even if all you care about is predictive power - you want to be able to catch someone watching a Charlie Kaufman movie and say "I bet girls won't touch that guy with a 10 foot pole" - you still need to assume that the correlation is stable over time, and your assumption is a theory.
It's equally true that you can't actually have theory without data. A theory is always about something that you think is going on in the world, so you can't have something to theorize about without first seeing something happen in the world (i.e. data). For example, suppose my theory - which I deduced from some sort of a priori assumptions - is that watching Charlie Kaufman movies ruins one's sex life. I couldn't have made that theory without observing the existence of Charlie Kaufman movies.
So just as "data with no theory" is really just an implicit vague theory, "theory with no data" is really just sparse, unsystematic data. You can't have one without the other.
But what you can do is be lazy with theory or be lazy with data. You can be an armchair philosopher, dreaming up ideas about how the world works without ever bothering to find out if your ideas are right. Then you get something like this:
Or you can be a "regression monkey", sitting there sifting for correlations without having any idea what you're looking at. Then you get something like this:
Obviously, if you're going to get good results, you shouldn't do either of these.
But which is a bigger menace to society, laziness about data or laziness about theory? Theory-laziness is seductive because it's easy - mining for correlations isn't very mentally taxing. But data-laziness is seductive because it's hard - the more complicated and intricate a theory you make, the smarter it makes you feel, even if the theory sucks.
In the past, data-laziness was probably more of a threat to humanity. Since systematic data was scarce, people had a tendency to sit around and daydream about how stuff might work. But now that Big Data is getting bigger and computing power is cheap, theory-laziness seems to be becoming more of a menace. The lure of Big Data is that we can get all our ideas from mining for patterns, but A) we get a lot of false patterns that way, and B) the patterns insidiously and subtly suggest interpretations for themselves, and those interpretations are often wrong.
So anyway, I hope this post destroys all of those "data vs. theory" arguments forever and ever.
Author: Noah Smith
Rabu, 19 Februari 2014
COMO CONSTRUIR UM PORTUGAL E O FUTURO SEM FUTUROS NEM OPÇÕES PARA NOS FIAREM UM FUTURO COM VISTA PARA O MAR? A RESPOSTA DESTA APOSTA ESTÁ EM LAST AND FIRST MAN ...GIANT TRAIN YARDS ACROSS MANTIDOS POR FLUIDOS E POR MERCADOS DE BONDS MUITO POUCO FLUIDOS OLAF STAPLEDON FAZ UMA BLUE PRINT PARA PORTUGAL IN 2222 OU 3333 UM ANO DESSES
THE kind of future which is here imagined, should not, I think, seem wholly fantastic, or at any rate
not so fantastic as to be without significance, to modern western individuals who are familiar with
the outlines of contemporary thought. Had I chosen matter in which there was nothing whatever of
the fantastic, its very plausibility would have rendered it unplausible.
For one thing at least is almost certain about the future, namely, that very much of it will be such as we should call incredible.
ln one important respect, indeed, I may perhaps seem to have strayed into barren
extravagance.
I have supposed an inhabitant of the remote future to be communicating with us of
today.
I have pretended that he has the power of partially controlling the operations of minds now
living, and that this book is the product of such influence.
Yet even this fiction is perhaps not wholly excluded by our thought. I might, of course, easily have omitted it without more than superficial alteration of the theme.
But its introduction was more than a convenience. Only by some such
radical and bewildering device could I embody the possibility that there may be more in time's
nature than is revealed to us. Indeed, only by some such trick could I do justice to the conviction
that our whole present mentality is but a confused and halting first experiment.
If ever this book should happen to be discovered by some future individual, for instance by a
member of the next generation sorting out the rubbish of his predecessors, it will certainly raise a
smile; for very much is bound to happen of which no hint is yet discoverable. And indeed even in
our generation circumstances may well change so unexpectedly and so radically that this book may
very soon look ridiculous. But no matter. We of today must conceive our relation to the rest of the
universe as best we can; and even if our images must seem fantastic to future men, they may none
the less serve their purpose today.
Some readers, taking my story to be an attempt at prophecy, may deem it unwarrantably pessimistic.
But it is not prophecy; it is myth, or an essay in myth. We all desire the future to turn out more
happily than I have figured it. In particular we desire our present civilization to advance steadily
toward some kind of Utopia. The thought that it may decay and collapse, and that all its spiritual
treasure may be lost irrevocably, is repugnant to us. Yet this must be faced as at least a possibility.
not so fantastic as to be without significance, to modern western individuals who are familiar with
the outlines of contemporary thought. Had I chosen matter in which there was nothing whatever of
the fantastic, its very plausibility would have rendered it unplausible.
For one thing at least is almost certain about the future, namely, that very much of it will be such as we should call incredible.
ln one important respect, indeed, I may perhaps seem to have strayed into barren
extravagance.
I have supposed an inhabitant of the remote future to be communicating with us of
today.
I have pretended that he has the power of partially controlling the operations of minds now
living, and that this book is the product of such influence.
Yet even this fiction is perhaps not wholly excluded by our thought. I might, of course, easily have omitted it without more than superficial alteration of the theme.
But its introduction was more than a convenience. Only by some such
radical and bewildering device could I embody the possibility that there may be more in time's
nature than is revealed to us. Indeed, only by some such trick could I do justice to the conviction
that our whole present mentality is but a confused and halting first experiment.
If ever this book should happen to be discovered by some future individual, for instance by a
member of the next generation sorting out the rubbish of his predecessors, it will certainly raise a
smile; for very much is bound to happen of which no hint is yet discoverable. And indeed even in
our generation circumstances may well change so unexpectedly and so radically that this book may
very soon look ridiculous. But no matter. We of today must conceive our relation to the rest of the
universe as best we can; and even if our images must seem fantastic to future men, they may none
the less serve their purpose today.
Some readers, taking my story to be an attempt at prophecy, may deem it unwarrantably pessimistic.
But it is not prophecy; it is myth, or an essay in myth. We all desire the future to turn out more
happily than I have figured it. In particular we desire our present civilization to advance steadily
toward some kind of Utopia. The thought that it may decay and collapse, and that all its spiritual
treasure may be lost irrevocably, is repugnant to us. Yet this must be faced as at least a possibility.
Khamis, 30 Januari 2014
COMO COMEÇAR UMA REVOLUÇÃO NA B-LOGOS-DOS-NETOS-BE-LOUKOS SEM FAZER MUITA FORÇA E SEM SE CAGAR NO PROCESSO DE ACESSO AO SUSEXO OU AO CONTRÁRIO DISSO COMO DIXIT LILI CANEÇAS QUE À POLÍTICA NÃO PEDE MEÇAS
A POLÍTICA EM PORTUGAL É FEITA DE COMPADRIOS
E DE TIOS E TIAS ASSIS COMO ASSAD OU BUSH
A FAMIGLIA E LES AMIS SONT MUY IMPORTANTES PARA CONSEGUIR UM TACHO
OU MESMO UMA GAMELA NUMA ASSOCIAÇÃO DE ESTUDANTES DIVAGANTES
OU MESMO DOS LAVAGANTES MAREANTES TODOS IMPANTES
ONTEM UM DESSES PRECIOSISMOS DA NOSSA POLÍTICA
MERITOCRÁTICA ARISTOCRÁTICA ONDE NÃO ENTRA QUEM QUER
E MESMO AS RELVAS NECESSITAM DE SER ADUBADAS PELOS PADRINHOS
MAS ONDE TODOS OS TIPOS JURAM A PÉS JUNTOS
QUE HÁ IGUALDADE DE OPORTUNIDADES
ATÉ PARA OS CADASTRADOS QUE OUTRORA LHES LIMPARAM AS CELAS
MAS COMO TODA A GENTE SABE
QUEM SAIU DA CADEIA NO 26 DE ABRIL DE 1974
NÃO TEVE O MESMO SUCESSO POIS EVOLUIU DE FORMA DIFERENTE
LOGO A GENÉTICA CONTINUA A JOGAR UMA IMPORTANTE CARTADA
NOS JOGOS DO PODER
DAÍ QUE FIDALGO SEJA FILHO D'ALGO
E NÃO FILHO DE ALGUÉM
É FILHO DUMA IDEIA PRAXISTA DE SUPERIORIDADE GENÉTICA
PARA SE SER PRESIDENTE DE UMA ASSOCIAÇÃO DE ESTUDANTES
PRECISA-SE DE SE SER FILHO OU SOBRINHO DE ALGO
MAS NÃO NECESSARIAMENTE DE ALGUÉM
NEM É NECESSÁRIO CONSEGIR ARGUMENTAR OU AR JUMENTAR
BASTA METER UMA CUNHA E É-SE CUNHADO DE FEITOR D'OPINIÃO
E DE TIOS E TIAS ASSIS COMO ASSAD OU BUSH
A FAMIGLIA E LES AMIS SONT MUY IMPORTANTES PARA CONSEGUIR UM TACHO
OU MESMO UMA GAMELA NUMA ASSOCIAÇÃO DE ESTUDANTES DIVAGANTES
OU MESMO DOS LAVAGANTES MAREANTES TODOS IMPANTES
ONTEM UM DESSES PRECIOSISMOS DA NOSSA POLÍTICA
MERITOCRÁTICA ARISTOCRÁTICA ONDE NÃO ENTRA QUEM QUER
E MESMO AS RELVAS NECESSITAM DE SER ADUBADAS PELOS PADRINHOS
MAS ONDE TODOS OS TIPOS JURAM A PÉS JUNTOS
QUE HÁ IGUALDADE DE OPORTUNIDADES
ATÉ PARA OS CADASTRADOS QUE OUTRORA LHES LIMPARAM AS CELAS
MAS COMO TODA A GENTE SABE
QUEM SAIU DA CADEIA NO 26 DE ABRIL DE 1974
NÃO TEVE O MESMO SUCESSO POIS EVOLUIU DE FORMA DIFERENTE
LOGO A GENÉTICA CONTINUA A JOGAR UMA IMPORTANTE CARTADA
NOS JOGOS DO PODER
DAÍ QUE FIDALGO SEJA FILHO D'ALGO
E NÃO FILHO DE ALGUÉM
É FILHO DUMA IDEIA PRAXISTA DE SUPERIORIDADE GENÉTICA
PARA SE SER PRESIDENTE DE UMA ASSOCIAÇÃO DE ESTUDANTES
PRECISA-SE DE SE SER FILHO OU SOBRINHO DE ALGO
MAS NÃO NECESSARIAMENTE DE ALGUÉM
NEM É NECESSÁRIO CONSEGIR ARGUMENTAR OU AR JUMENTAR
BASTA METER UMA CUNHA E É-SE CUNHADO DE FEITOR D'OPINIÃO
Langgan:
Catatan (Atom)
In the arts and humanities, data laziness is still very common, because any attempt to quantify these outputs is considered gauche, insensitive, or ham-fisted (adjectives often found in the first few paragraphs of lit theory papers).
Spiner reprised his role of Data in the Star Trek: Enterprise series finale ... from B4 into a new body which contained the memory engrams of Data's creator
mountain's less pressure of o2
no the pattern's don't exist
this is a chaotic universe
data big or small is observator dependent
observation of data is dependent of quantum physics
ALL SYSTEMS ARE QUANTUM SYSTEMS
associal or social ones too...
Information and correlation[edit]
It is generally well established that any quantum mechanical measurement can be reduced to a set of yes/no questions or bits that are either 1 or 0.[citation needed] RQM makes use of this fact to formulate the state of a quantum system (relative to a given observer!) in terms of the physical notion of information developed by Claude Shannon. Any yes/no question can be described as a single bit of information. This should not be confused with the idea of a qubit from quantum information theory, because a qubit can be in a superposition of values, whilst the "questions" of RQM are ordinary binary variables.
Any quantum measurement is fundamentally a physical interaction between the system being measured and some form of measuring apparatus. By extension, any physical interaction may be seen to be a form of quantum measurement, as all systems are seen as quantum systems in RQM. A physical interaction is seen as establishing a correlation between the system and the observer, and this correlation is what is described and predicted by the quantum formalism.
But, Rovelli points out, this form of correlation is precisely the same as the definition of information in Shannon's theory. Specifically, an observer O observing a system S will, after measurement, have some degrees of freedom correlated with those of S. The amount of this correlation is given by log2k bits, where k is the number of possible values which this correlation may take — the number of "options" there are.
All systems are quantum systems[edit]
All physical interactions are, at bottom, quantum interactions, and must ultimately be governed by the same rules. Thus, an interaction between two particles does not, in RQM, differ fundamentally from an interaction between a particle and some "apparatus". There is no true wave collapse, in the sense in which it occurs in the Copenhagen interpretation.
Because "state" is expressed in RQM as the correlation between two systems, there can be no meaning to "self-measurement". If observer O measures system S, S's "state" is represented as a correlation between O and S. O itself cannot say anything with respect to its own "state", because its own "state" is defined only relative to another observer, O'. If the S+O compound system does not interact with any other systems, then it will possess a clearly defined state relative to O'. However, because O's measurement of S breaks its unitary evolution with respect to O, O will not be able to give a full description of the S+O system (since it can only speak of the correlation between S and itself, not its own behaviour). A complete description of the (S+O)+O' system can only be given by a further, external observer, and so forth.
Taking the model system discussed above, if O' has full information on the S+O system, it will know the Hamiltonians of both S and O, including the interaction Hamiltonian. Thus, the system will evolve entirely unitarily (without any form of collapse) relative to O', if O measures S. The only reason that O will perceive a "collapse" is because O has incomplete information on the system (specifically, O does not know its own Hamiltonian, and the interaction Hamiltonian for the measurement).